PRESERVING THE VERNACULAR POSTINDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE: BIG DATA GEOSPATIAL APPROACHES TO HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND INTERPRETATION

Redundant historical industrial sites, or postindustrial landscapes, face numerous preservation challenges. Functionally obsolete, and often derelict and decaying, these cultural landscapes often retain only a fraction of their original infrastructure. With their historical interconnections made indistinct by their physical separation and obscured by the passage of time, surviving remnants are isolated and disjunct, confounding both their legibility and their consideration for formal historic preservation. Nevertheless, they persist. This dissertation presents a theoretical understanding of the nature of postindustrial landscape preservation, and argues that the material persistence of its historical constituents is the result of previously overlooked processes of informal material conservation, here termed vernacular preservation. Further, this dissertation examines ways that heritage professionals can manage and interpret these vast, complex, and shattered landscapes, using 21st-century digital and spatial tools. Confronted by ongoing depopulation and divestment, and constrained by limited financial capacity to reverse the trend of blight and property loss, communities and individuals concerned with the preservation of vernacular postindustrial landscapes face many unique management and interpretation challenges. The successful heritagization of the postindustrial landscape depends on its comprehension, and communication, as a historically complex network of systems, and I argue that utilizing advanced digital and spatial tool such as historical GIS and procedural modeling can aid communities and heritage professionals in managing, preserving, and interpreting these landscapes. This dissertation presents heritage management and interpretation strategies that emphasize the historical, but now largely missing, spatial and temporal contexts of today’s postindustrial landscape in Michigan’s Copper Country. A series of case studies illustrates the demonstrated and potential value of using a big-data, longitudinally-linked digital infrastructure, or Historical GIS (HGIS), known as the Copper Country Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure (CC-HSDI), for heritage management and interpretation. These studies support the public education and conservation goals of the communities in this nationally-significant mining region through providing accessible, engaging, and meaningful historical spatiotemporal context, and by helping to promote and encourage the ongoing management and preservation of this ever-evolving postindustrial landscape

Nine Hexagonal Ca5Pb3Z Phases in Stuffed Mn5Si3-Type Structures with Transition Metal Interstitial Atoms Z. Problems with Classical Valence States in Possible Zintl Phases

Ternary hexagonal Ae5Tt3Z phases have been obtained from high-temperature reactions (1000−1300 °C in Ta) only for Ae (alkaline-earth metal) = Ca, Tt (tetrel) = Pb, and Z = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ru, or Cd. The hexagonal crystal structures (stuffed Mn5Si3-type, P63/mcm, Z = 2) were refined for Z = Mn and Fe (a = 9.3580(3), 9.3554(5) Å, c = 7.009(1), 7.009(1) Å, respectively). In contrast, Ca5Pb3Z for Z = Cu or Ag form only with a trigonal structure (P3̄c1, Z = 2, a = 9.4130(3) Å, c = 7.052(1) Å for Cu) in which regular displacements of only the linear strings of Ca1 atoms occur. The existence of these compounds stands in contrast to the nonexistence of all binary Ae5Tt3 products from Ca to Ba (Ae) and Si to Pb (Tt) with a Mn5Si3-type structure. Therefore, it once seemed attractive to consider the Z elements in these Ca5Pb3Z compounds as reducing agents (electron donors). The Mn and Fe structures appropriately exhibit greatly enlarged antiprismatic calcium cavities about Z. Other indications of relatively electron-poor environments around Fe are found in its properties, which include soft ferromagnetism with an elevated magnetic moment (6.3 μB) and a large Fe 3p3/2 binding energy relative to that in La5Ge3Fe, La15Ge9Fe, etc. The Ca5Pb3Mn phase exhibits metallic behavior (ρ295 = 135 μΩ cm) and temperature-independent Pauli paramagnetism. These properties are supported by ab initio band structure calculations for Ca5Pb3Mn, which show strong Ca−Pb bonding and a broad Pb-based band, with appreciable Ca−Mn and Ca−Pb bonding states at and above EF. Distortion of the Cu analogue gives strengthened Ca−Pb bonding and reduced Cu−Ca1 repulsions. A Zintl phase description of these compounds and some releated compounds in terms of closed Pb bands is not appropriate

Wafer-Scale Nanopatterning and Translation into High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanowires

The development of a facile method for fabricating one-dimensional, precisely positioned nanostructures over large areas offers exciting opportunities in fundamental research and innovative applications. Large-scale nanofabrication methods have been restricted in accessibility due to their complexity and cost. Likewise, bottom-up synthesis of nanowires has been limited in methods to assemble these structures at precisely defined locations. Nanomaterials such as PbZr_xTi_(1−x)O_3 (PZT) nanowires (NWs)—which may be useful for nonvolatile memory storage (FeRAM), nanoactuation, and nanoscale power generation—are difficult to synthesize without suffering from polycrystallinity or poor stoichiometric control. Here, we report a novel fabrication method which requires only low-resolution photolithography and electrochemical etching to generate ultrasmooth NWs over wafer scales. These nanostructures are subsequently used as patterning templates to generate PZT nanowires with the highest reported piezoelectric performance (d_(eff) ~ 145 pm/V). The combined large-scale nanopatterning with hierarchical assembly of functional nanomaterials could yield breakthroughs in areas ranging from nanodevice arrays to nanodevice powering

Nova Geminorum 1912 and the Origin of the Idea of Gravitational Lensing

Einstein's early calculations of gravitational lensing, contained in a scratch notebook and dated to the spring of 1912, are reexamined. A hitherto unknown letter by Einstein suggests that he entertained the idea of explaining the phenomenon of new stars by gravitational lensing in the fall of 1915 much more seriously than was previously assumed. A reexamination of the relevant calculations by Einstein shows that, indeed, at least some of them most likely date from early October 1915. But in support of earlier historical interpretation of Einstein's notes, it is argued that the appearance of Nova Geminorum 1912 (DN Gem) in March 1912 may, in fact, provide a relevant context and motivation for Einstein's lensing calculations on the occasion of his first meeting with Erwin Freundlich during a visit in Berlin in April 1912. We also comment on the significance of Einstein's consideration of gravitational lensing in the fall of 1915 for the reconstruction of Einstein's final steps in his path towards general relativity.Comment: 31 p

Degenerate dispersive equations arising in the study of magma dynamics

An outstanding problem in Earth science is understanding the method of transport of magma in the Earth's mantle. Models for this process, transport in a viscously deformable porous media, give rise to scalar degenerate, dispersive, nonlinear wave equations. We establish a general local well-posedness for a physical class of data (roughly $H^1$) via fixed point methods. The strategy requires positive lower bounds on the solution. This is extended to global existence for a subset of possible nonlinearities by making use of certain conservation laws associated with the equations. Furthermore, we construct a Lyapunov energy functional, which is locally convex about the uniform state, and prove (global in time) nonlinear dynamic stability of the uniform state for any choice of nonlinearity. We compare the dynamics to that of other problems and discuss open questions concerning a larger range of nonlinearities, for which we conjecture global existence.Comment: 27 Pages, 7 figures are not present in this version. See http://www.columbia.edu/~grs2103/ for a PDF with figures. Submitted to Nonlinearit

Substitution Reactions of (C5Ph5)Cr(CO)3: Structural, Electrochemical, and Spectroscopic Characterization of (C5Ph5)Cr(CO)2L, L = PMe3, PMe2Ph, P(OMe)3

The radical complex (C5Ph5)Cr(CO)3 reacts with small, neutral, monodentate Lewis bases (PMe3, PMe2Ph, P(OMe)3) in THF at −78 °C (PMe2Ph reacts at ambient temperature) to yield the monomeric substitution products (C5Ph5)Cr(CO)2L·THF as thermally stable solids. Electrochemical and spectroscopic data are provided. An X-ray crystal structure of the hemisolvate (C5Ph5)Cr(CO)2PMe3·0.5THF was obtained. Frozen-solution ESR spectra of (C5Ph5)Cr(CO)2L in toluene are comparable to those of other low-spin d5 “piano-stool” complexes. Rotation of the Cr(CO)2L moiety relative to the C5Ph5 ring is rapid on the ESR time scale in low-temperature liquid solutions and leads to axial powderlike spectra. Analysis of this effect leads to significant insights into the electronic structure

Comparisons of the M1 genome segments and encoded μ2 proteins of different reovirus isolates

BACKGROUND: The reovirus M1 genome segment encodes the μ2 protein, a structurally minor component of the viral core, which has been identified as a transcriptase cofactor, nucleoside and RNA triphosphatase, and microtubule-binding protein. The μ2 protein is the most poorly understood of the reovirus structural proteins. Genome segment sequences have been reported for 9 of the 10 genome segments for the 3 prototypic reoviruses type 1 Lang (T1L), type 2 Jones (T2J), and type 3 Dearing (T3D), but the M1 genome segment sequences for only T1L and T3D have been previously reported. For this study, we determined the M1 nucleotide and deduced μ2 amino acid sequences for T2J, nine other reovirus field isolates, and various T3D plaque-isolated clones from different laboratories. RESULTS: Determination of the T2J M1 sequence completes the analysis of all ten genome segments of that prototype. The T2J M1 sequence contained a 1 base pair deletion in the 3' non-translated region, compared to the T1L and T3D M1 sequences. The T2J M1 gene showed ~80% nucleotide homology, and the encoded μ2 protein showed ~71% amino acid identity, with the T1L and T3D M1 and μ2 sequences, respectively, making the T2J M1 gene and μ2 proteins amongst the most divergent of all reovirus genes and proteins. Comparisons of these newly determined M1 and μ2 sequences with newly determined M1 and μ2 sequences from nine additional field isolates and a variety of laboratory T3D clones identified conserved features and/or regions that provide clues about μ2 structure and function. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a model for the domain organization of μ2 and provide further evidence for a role of μ2 in viral RNA synthesis. The new sequences were also used to explore the basis for M1/μ2-determined differences in the morphology of viral factories in infected cells. The findings confirm the key role of Ser/Pro208 as a prevalent determinant of differences in factory morphology among reovirus isolates and trace the divergence of this residue and its associated phenotype among the different laboratory-specific clones of type 3 Dearing

The 2-loop MSSM finite temperature effective potential with stop condensation

We calculate the finite temperature 2-loop effective potential in the MSSM with stop condensation, using a 3-dimensional effective theory. We find that in a part of the parameter space, a two-stage electroweak phase transition appears possible. The first stage would be the formation of a stop condensate, and the second stage is the transition to the standard electroweak minimum. The two-stage transition could significantly relax the baryon erasure bounds, but the parameter space allowing it (m_H \lsim 100 GeV, m_tR \sim 155-160 GeV) is not very large. We estimate the reliability of our results using renormalization scale and gauge dependence. Finally we discuss some real-time aspects relevant for the viability of the two-stage scenario.Comment: 30 pages, 7 figure